Life Influences On Emily Dickenson s Work - 1315 Words

Juwan Adams Mrs. Bales Eng. Comp II 22 April, 2016 Life Influences on Emily Dickenson’s Work A poem is a piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song that is nearly always rhythmical, usually metaphorical, and often exhibits such formal elements as meter, rhyme, and stanzaic structure. Emily Dickinson, a very established poet of the nineteenth-century, used this style of writing to express feelings toward religion, love, and death. All of her inspiration came from these things that would impact her life dearly. Dickinson was born in 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts where she would spend her childhood and adolescent years living. She graduated from Amherst Academy in 1847 and then attended nearby Mount Holyoke Female Seminary for one year. Growing up Dickinson set herself apart from all the other girls at school. She would travel around with her family soon after school taking in what the world had to offer. Some authors speculate that Dickinson lived a very dull and solitary life while one 20th cent ury critic disagrees. He wrote in an article, â€Å"All pity for Miss Dickinson’s ‘starred life’ is misdirected. Her life was one of the richest and deepest ever lived on this continent† (Brand). After settling down back home the young Dickinson would get to work. The years of 1861-1865 would become known as her writing years. Poetry in these years would be her primary focus producing over 600 poems. â€Å"If taken out of her social and politicalShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop For Death1249 Words   |  5 Pages Emily Dickinsons most famous work, Because I Could Not Stop for Death is generally considered to be one of the great masterpieces of American poetry (GALE). Dickinson experienced an emotional crisis of an undetermined nature in the early 1860s. Her traumatized state of mind is believed to have inspired her writing. In this particular poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† the deceased narrator of the poem reminisces about that material day when Death came seeking for her. In stanza oneRead MoreAmerican Renaissance Writers Essays1409 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Renaissance Writers ENG/491 December 19, 2011 Peggy Walls American Renaissance Writers The American Renaissance, in literary circles occurred during the middle to late 1800s. â€Å"One of the most important influences of the period was that of the transcendentalists† (Britannica, 2011). Major writers during this perid had a common bond. Their platform was ‘an idealic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacyRead MoreThe Transcendentalism Movement Essay658 Words   |  3 PagesTranscendentalism Movement because I found it to be very interesting. From all the different literary movements we had to choose from Transcendentalism seemed the most revolutionary. It was an entirely new way of thinking for America back in the 1800’s. The Transcendental Movement started around 1835. The movement was all about individualism and spiritualism. The idea was that you could achieve true spirituality with god not through the doctrines of man but through communion with nature. The

Chapter Eight Of The American Era - 880 Words

Chapter eight speaks of the growth of the American empire, using political manipulation to control the south. During the reconstruction of the South, many Southerners felt less aided and crippled further due to taxes, political reformation, and of course the loss of slave labor. In terms of political corruption, the Southern states were forced back into the union but were denied representation in the Union, and used political control to rob the states financially. Taking the votes of the newly freed blacks also created a tension with white and black relations that last to even today, commonly from the Ku Klux Klan. If anything, the attempt to create stability to the war-torn South ended up making things worse in both the North and South. Chapter nine is discussing how Lincoln s true legacy is placed, most notably the construction of the American System suggested by Henry Clay. With his presidency, Lincoln threatens that he will attack any state that fails to collect enough funds for its protectoral tariffs. Lincoln also issued large sums of money to the construction of transcontinental railroad lines. Finally, he forced the commission of the much needed national bank, the backbone of the American System his idol planned out. The tenth chapter speaks of the attack Lincoln committed on federalism, destroying the right of secession to force the South back into the Union. It sums up everything Lincoln did; opposed the equality of even free blacks, attacked the South toShow MoreRelatedWhat Do We Learn About Crooks in Chapter 4 of â€Å"of Mice and Men1422 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Do We Learn About Crooks in Chapter 4 of â€Å"Of Mice and Men†? This essay will uncover information about the â€Å"Negro Stable Buck†, named Crooks in of Mice and Men. The essay will analyze information regarding crooks, in link to themes such as the unattainable American dream, themes of racial discrimination , as well as themes such as loneliness and isolation. An understanding of the character of Crooks requires an understanding of the status of black people in the West during the time of when theRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesComer Vann Woodward  was an  American  historian who concentration emphasized on the American south and race relations in the united states. He was born in 1908 in eastern, rural Arkansas. He attended  Henderson-Brown College, in  Arkadelphia, Arkansas for two years. He then transferred to  Emory University  in  Atlanta,  Georgia in which his uncle was dean of students and a sociology professor. After Woodward graduated from Emory university, he became an English professor at Georgia Institute of TechnologyRead MoreThrough Women s Eyes By Ellen Carol Dubois And Lynn Dumenil898 Words   |  4 PagesLynn Dumenil addresses American History from 1865 until present day. The third edition of this textbook includes visual and primary sources over several centuries. I used this textbook in a history course, â€Å"Women in the United States, 1890 – Present;† I found the textbook to be engaging, helpful, and useful throughout the course. The way in which in the information was presented allowed me to learn, assess, and analyze the difficulties women faced. I found that each chapter was very long and I hadRead MoreAmerican South And Race Relations Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesComer Vann Woodward  studied the American South and race relations in the United States. He was born in 1908 in eastern, rural Arkansas. When he first enrolled into higher education he went to  Henderson-Brown College. However, he transferred to  Emory University and graduated. After Woodward graduated, he became an English professor at Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Teach). In 1931, he continued his education with graduate school at Columbiana University. There he received a Master of ArtsRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesComer Vann Woodward  studied wrote about the American South and race relations. He was born in 1908 in eastern, rural Arkansas. When he first enrolled into higher education he went to  Henderson-Brown College. However, he transferred to  Emory University and graduated. After Woodward graduated, he was an English professor at Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Teach). In 1931, he continued his education with graduate school at Columbiana University. There he received a Master of Arts. In 1947,Read MoreWomen s Studies : An Egyptian American Scholar On Islamic Feminism And Islam Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesborn in 1940 is the first professor of Women’s Studies in Religion at Harvard University. As an Egyptian-American scholar on Islamic feminism and Islam, Ahmed has published a number of highly informative works addressing the complexities of feminism in Muslim life. Ahmed’s previous works include Women and Gender in Islam. (1993) explores the role women and gender play from the Pre-Islamic Era in the Middle East through to the modern world that we know today. The issue of veiling is an ongoing debateRead More The Role of Setting in John Steinbecks Of Mice Men Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Setting in John Steinbecks Of Mice Men Throughout time man has encountered many trials and tribulations. One of these unpredictable changes was the depression era in the Western region of America. From the beginning to the end of the novel, Of Mice Men (1937), by John Steinbeck, life is portrayed as cruel and an insurmountable conquest. During the 1930s the worst economic collapse of the world occurred : the Depression. The setting throughout this novel sets the emotions highRead MoreThe Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution by Thomas P. Slaugther1010 Words   |  5 PagesRebellion, which he asserts had by the time this book was conceived nearly two centuries after the episode transpired, had become a largely forgotten chapter of our nations history since the time of the Civil War. He cites as direct evidence of this fact the almost complete absence of any mention of the event in many contemporary textbooks of the conservative era of the 1980s, which this reviewer can attest to as well, having been a high school student in the late 1970s, who never heard of the WhiskeyRead MoreHavana Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis1209 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough its exploration of Havana emphasizing dichotomies such as those between the Spanish and American Influence, pre and post-revolution, capitalist and socialist Cuba, and the Havana experienced by tourists and locals. Havana: Two faces of the Antillean Metropolis explores the fascinating city of Havana throughout the turbulent history of Cuba, from Spanish colonization, through the American era and the revolution of 1959 to the early 2000’s. It is one of a limited number of novels on HavanaRead MoreA Bridge to the 18th Century Essay727 Words   |  3 Pagesphilosophy and culture; they live digitally in the hollow present. Postman assesses different ideas in each chapter: Chaper One: A Bridge to the Eighteenth Century Postman heralds the accomplishments of personalities of the 18th Century, including Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Kant, Hume, Gibbon, Paine, Jefferson, Franklin, Mozart, Beethoven, Bach, and Haydn, among many others. Chapter Two: Progress Postman summarizes, The idea of progress is a product of the Enlightenment. The eighteenth

Romania and the euro Free Essays

string(108) " of the national currency in 2007 \) alongside with another addition in the monetary values of trade goods\." History Romania euro On 1 January 2007, Romania joined the European Union and therefore, committed to the acceptance of the euro once it complies with all the needed conditions. At that peculiar clip, right before come ining the planetary fiscal crisis, the acceptance of the euro seemed to convey many alone advantages and was considered as the top precedence refering the hereafter options. However, this is non the instance any longer, as things have changed along the old ages. We will write a custom essay sample on Romania and the euro or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first clip Romania announced its program to fall in the ERM was in May 2006, as a status for come ining the Euro Area after 2012. However, the day of the months for come ining the Eurozone were changed many times, as Romania kept proroguing it, as it did non pull off to follow with all the standards at one time. In December 2009, the Rumanian authorities officially changed the day of the month for fall ining the Eurozone to 1 January 2015, as the acceptance of the euro is the 2nd most of import aim of the National Bank, after the 2005 denomination of the Rumanian currency leu, which ended a period of more than 15 old ages of heavy rising prices. Despite this, two old ages subsequently, in April 2011, it announced it was doing all the attempts to carry through the first four standard, but that it will non be able to fall in the ERM by 2013 or 2014. Still, 2015 seemed like an unrealistic mark, as it was really hard for Romania to follow the euro by that clip ( Valentin Lazea ) , and this was confirmed by Mugur Isarescu, the governor of the National Bank of Romania, who stated, in November 2012, that Romania will non be prepared and will non fall in the Euro Area by 2015. Harmonizing to his statements, the hold was caused by work force productiveness, besides adverting by non being portion of the Euro Area, Romania was really advantaged during the period of European debt-crisis. Consequently, Romania did non stipulate a mark day of the month for following the euro in the Convergence Programme of 2013 to the European Commission, as it did non desire to come in the Euro Area unprepared. ( Victor Ponta ) Finally, in the Convergence Report of 2014, Romania indicated the 1 of January 2019 as the new functionary day of the month for euro acceptance. Indeed, 2015 was rather an impossible mark, holding in head all the reforms the state assumed, when following the Maastricht Treaty. Thinking about the positive side, Mugur Isarescu emphasized the advantages of maintaining the national currency ( NYT 2012 ) , stating that by non giving up the leu ‘Romania obtained obtained a flexibleness in seting the involvement rates, in commanding cashflow and in leting rising prices in order to cut down the budget deficit’ . However, he besides stated that this brought ‘unhappiness and letdown, as fall ining the EU was seen as a solution to all problems’ , underscoring the public sentiment which was in favour of following the euro. Furthermore, by maintaining the national currency, the exports from other EU member which have non yet adopted the euro were encouraged, doing it easier for the state to take less extremist steps for forestalling the fiscal crisis. On the other manus, even if Romania is non portion of the Euro Area, it depends in a great extent on the development of the euro. The country’s economic system, finance of loans and exports are straight related to everything go oning in the Eurozone. This shows one more clip the necessity of following the euro Talking of advantages, the one ensuing from following the alone currency must besides be taken into consideration. The riddance of rising prices and of the exchange rate, the decrease of the macro-economic hazards and of the involvement rates, the riddance of dealing costs and currency hazards, the integrating of the fiscal markets and the development of international trade alongside with the increasing grade of pulling higher investings are merely a few of them. ( The acceptance of the Euro by Romania Ioan Dan BRA‚TEAN ) However, the Erste Group Bank stated that the 2015 mark is really ambitious and that Romania would happen it difficult to carry through. This is non particularly because of the obstructions posed by the convergence standards, but instead because of existent convergence standards, as the state struggles to make several required degrees refering the existent convergence conditions, such as increasing the GDP per capita from 50 % to more than 60 % above the Euro Area mean degree – EGB ) . Furthermore, fall ining the Eurozone in 2019 require come ining the ERMII in 2017. Therefore, advancement demands to be made particularly refering this procedure. Therefore, at the present minute, Romania does non follow with all the convergence standards necessary for fall ining the Euro Area, but the state did nevertheless aligned itself to the demands and aims of following the alone currency and fall ining all the European Union establishments in the procedure. ( wiki ) Conformity with the standards in the period 2007-2011 As mentioned in the old chapter, the trial of nominal convergence consists chiefly of the grade of accomplishment of the Maastricht standards: monetary value stableness, sound public fundss, sustainable public fundss, exchange-rate stableness and convergence lastingness. Refering the first standard of monetary value stableness, Romanian failed to run into it in the period 2007-2013, as the one-year mean rising prices rate was higher than the standard required ( it exceeded 1.5 per centum points above the three best executing MS of the EU ) , as it can be seen in the tabular array above. The one-year rising prices increased from about 4 % in the first half of 2007 to 8,7 % by the 3rd month of 2008. ( CR 2008 ) The chief causes were an acute addition in monetary values of nutrient, a rise in monetary values of import ( as a effect of the depreciation of the national currency in 2007 ) alongside with another addition in the monetary values of trade goods. You read "Romania and the euro" in category "Essay examples" ( CR 2008 ) The highest values were, though, registered after the economic crisis between 2008 and 2011. In fact, of all time since come ining the EU, the Rumanian norm rising prices has been good above the mention value and it even increased during the old ages. In July 2008, it reached a three-year high point of 9.1 % , but it decreased up to 5.6 % in 2009, still being an hindrance on the manner of come ining the Eurozone. However during 2010 and 2011, the rising prices rate was expected to diminish well, due to the slow economic activity, making a degree of 4.3 % and 3 % severally. In malice of these prognosiss, rising prices in Romania remained rather high. ( CR 2010 ) Sing the standard on authorities budgetary place, in 2007, Romania recorded a 2.5 % of GDP as financial shortage, a value below the mention one of 3 % . As for the authorities debt ratio, it amounted merely 13 % in 2007 and 13,6 % in 2008, good below the mention value of 60 % . However, an increased financial consolidation was necessary, in order for the state to keep the shortage ratio far below the mention value and to carry through the aim on medium-term from the SGP, the same specified in the Convergence Programme ‘as a cyclically adjusted shortage cyberspace of impermanent measureas of around 0.9 % of GDP.’ ( CR 2008 ) Up until 2009, Romania was non capable to a determination of the EU Council refering the being of an inordinate shortage. However, since July 2009, the Council asked the state to rectify this shortage by 2012. The general authorities shortage reached 5.4 % of GDP in 2008 and increased even further to 8,3 % of GDP by 2009. In the undermentioned old ages, it decreased well, but still non run intoing the mention value. ( CR 2010 ) In what may concern the long-run involvement rates, these were on mean 7.1 % , both in 2007 and 2008, good above the mention value of the standard on involvement rates. This tendency was observed of all time since Romania joined the EU and it continued to remain the same in 2009 ( 9.4 % ) , 2010 ( 7.2 % ) and 2011 ( 7.3 % ) . ( CR 2008 and 2010 ) In footings of exchange-rate stableness, Romania has gone through a period of big fluctuations merely during a little period in 2009, when the exchange rate surpassed the +/-15 % allowed bound. In fact, the state received international fiscal aid, which led to the national currency stabilising during 2009 and at the beginning of 2010. The short-run involvement rates were narrowed, which reflected significantly in improved money market conditions overall. ( CR 2010 ) However, the state was non yet take parting in the ERMII, still runing on a floating exchange rate government. Conformity with the standards during recent old ages: 2012-2014 During recent old ages, Romania seems to hold improved slightly in what may concern some of the convergence standard. However, the state still struggles with high rising prices and it besides didn’t manage to go portion of the ERMII, one of the most of import conditions for fall ining the Eurozone. Of all the convergence standards, Romania finds it most hard to follow with the monetary value stableness one. In fact, it has ne’er managed to accomplish an rising prices rate lower than the three best executing EU MS, as the status requires it. In 2014, for illustration, the rising prices rate registered 2.1 % , while the maximal allowed was 1.7 % . Still, it is the best ‘compliance’ up until now, being merely 0.4 % above the mention value. ( CR 2014 ) By looking at the recent informations, the one-year rising prices decreased well since making a high degree in September 2012 ( 5.4 % ) to merely 1.1 % in September 2013. However, in April 2014, it increased once more up to 1.6 % , due to a rise in the excise responsibilities on fuel. ( CR 2014 ) Indeed, rising prices fell well during the 2nd half of 2013, due to several grounds such as, decreases in nutrient monetary values ( good crop ) or a diminution in the VAT for flour and other bakeshop merchandises. As prognosiss, the major international establishments predict the mean one-year rising prices to lift in 2015 up to 3.3 % . There are nevertheless some hazards that must be taken into history, chiefly related to a strong addition in planetary trade good monetary values and farther deregulating of energy monetary values. Despite all these, it is hard to accurately foretell the consequence that the procedure of ‘catching-up’ of Romania, connoting lower degrees of GDP per capita and of monetary values than in the Euro Area. ( CR 2014 ) When taking into consideration Romania’s authorities budgetary place during recent old ages, the first thing that should be mentioned is that presently, the state is non capable to a determination of the EU Council on the being of an inordinate shortage. In 2012, the state has so surpassed the mention value of 3 % , making 5.2 % , but in the undermentioned old ages, it has managed to remain within the bound ( 2013 – 2.9 % ; 2014 – 2.3 % ) . This consolidation was expenditure-driven, as the entire outgos relative to the GDP decreased by 1.7 per centum points, while entire grosss declined by 1 per centum point during 2013. ( EEF 2014 ) Taking into consideration the customary no policy alteration premise, the GDP shortage is expected to diminish even further in 2015, achieving a depression of 1.9 % . This would be go oning at the same tie with the betterment of grosss, a stronger domestic demand being the most of import driver of growing. Besides, Romania must do ce rtain that it makes adequate advancement towards making its medium-term aim, viz. a structural shortage of 1 % of GDP. ( CR EEF 2014 ) As for the authorities debt to GDP ratio, Romania has complied with the bounds during recent old ages, holding registered values good below the 60 % mention value. However, the value is expected to increase up to 40 % and to keep this degree during 2015. The primary dangers that can be assessed to the budgetary public presentations are related to the outgo control refering the revenue enhancement aggregation. ( EEF 2014 ) In footings of long term involvement rates, Romania has managed to register a 5.3 % value on norm in 2014, good below the 6.2 % mention value of the three best executing EU MS. In recent old ages, the long term involvement rates have fluctuated around 7 % ( 2013 – 7.25 % ; 2014 ; 6.36 % ) , as the rising prices kineticss tended to forestall the downward tendency in the nominal involvement rates. As in the last old ages, rising prices has declined well, this allowed the cardinal bank to decelerate down the policy rates. This in bend, resulted in a narrowing of differential in long-run involvement rate between the Euro Area norm and Romania. In respects to the exchange-rate stableness standard, the first thing that should be mentioned is that Romania did non pull off to fall in the ERMII, even though it traded under a government of flexible exchange rate, with a managed natation of the currency. Therefore, the exchange rate of the national currency leu against the euro has emphasized a high grade of volatility. In May 2013, the Rumanian leu somewhat appreciated, but instantly weakened, as the volatility increased during the half of 2013. Afterwards, the leu managed to acquire stronger once more, and it stabilized its degree around the 1 obtained at the beginning of 2013. As a long-run attack, April 2014 brought a close degree of the existent effectual exchange rate of the leu against the euro to the historical norms on 10 years’ clip. Furthermore, the current and the capital history of Romania had been adjusted during recent old ages, as challenges from the external environment. How to cite Romania and the euro, Essay examples

Practice of Engineering in Australia for Designs- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePractice of Engineering in Australia for Designs. Answer: Learning outcome 3: Discuss engineers roles, responsibilities and the need to employ principles of sustainable development. What By conclusively researching on sustainable development, I came to understand that the reason why we are enjoying the good health, prosperity and wellbeing in Australia is due to the critical role that engineers play in the society. I was intrigued by sustainable development as well. For better quality of life and living standards, innovation is a key driver. As per my research, for improving society, engineers play an important role in innovating life standards. Their responsibilities are a major area of research as well. I researched about the main difference between a scientist and an engineer and what I found intrigued me. I learnt that the job responsibility of a scientist is to add to the systematic knowledge of the physical world and the job responsibility of an engineer is to bring that knowledge to the physical world to mitigate practical problems. So what I was raised up with a notion that engineers only work with machines, electronics and designs. But to achieve that they need to create innovating products to make the world a better place (Mello, Strandhagen and Alfnes 2015). It also deeply concerned me that the concept of sustainable development is getting attention after such a long time. In my experience, for adding high value activities to the globally connected society and running it in parallel with emerging technologies, engineers are necessary. I checked some recent statistics of Australia and found out that the Australian engineers are facing difficulties due to the world economy changes and economic issues. What else In my opinion, preserving the environment is an inherent right of every person that is living on this planet. It is necessary for the proper development of our future generations in a sustainable manner and should not be affected by the developments that engineers make. I think society should implement innovations without harming the surroundings. What now I think the engineers need to commit to their job roles so that they can properly assess the innovations which do not harm the environment. The results of scientific innovations need to be educated to the people voluntarily. Also, they need to take care of the environment explicitly so that the future generation can prosper properly. Learning outcome 4: Manage information and documentation. What In my experience, documenting and managing information is extremely important. For multiple revisions and representing the data accurately, the information need to be managed properly. For complying with regulations, increasing efficiency and data quality and improving operations, proper documentation of data is necessary. So what Poor management and documentation of information result in inefficiency in the engineering process which results in increased project time for the company as well as the client, variations and reworks and direct delays. Most of the engineering projects that are conducted around the world (as well as in Australia) are done with the help of outsourcing. For this, a group effort is necessary which includes proper processing of accurate information and reducing the downtime costs (Schwalbe 2015). Due to poor documentation and management of information, inefficiency creeps into the engineering process. This results in direct delays, variations and reworks which increases the project time. What else Improper documentation of information is a major problem that can create issues while conducting important decisions in engineering. By maintaining a relevant source of information, the management can help in retaining prospective stakeholders as well as clients. What now This experience has helped me to understand the relevance of proper documentation of accurate information. It will help me to realize the need for proper documentation of data that helps to provide the system with a lot of benefits and provide the stakeholders with adequate confidence. It will help in proper decision making and according to me, help others to learn the value of engineering tools. Learning outcome 5: Communicate effectively across a range of contexts. What For any context or any businesses, effective communication is important. I have seen in my experience engineers communicating with people, people from different departments and clients. Due to the complex and technical nature of the process, engineers have to effectively communicate with their peers. It helps to assess that all the participants of the same project are on the same page. So what Engineers have the potential to become the leaders that they aspire to be with the help of proper communication skills. In my experience, a project contains several manager s as well as business specialists and health officials. It is imperative that the risks related to the project will be reduced if all the members of the team collaborate and communicate properly (Kokhan 2016). A person will be unable to pass on what he or she is thinking of proper communication is not conducted between the members (Hiltz, Van de Walle and Turoff 2014). What else After reviewing the websites and journals, I concluded that in ever sector (including engineering) the need for proper communication skill is necessary so that the management representatives can understand what the engineer is thinking (Broadbent 2013). What now Proper communication is necessary for properly passing information in a systematic manner. From this experience, I understood why the engineers are hired in different sectors with good communication skills. References Broadbent, D.E., 2013.Perception and communication. Elsevier. Hiltz, S.R., Van de Walle, B. and Turoff, M., 2014. The domain of emergency management information. InInformation systems for emergency management(pp. 15-32). Routledge. Holden, E., Linnerud, K. and Banister, D., 2017. The imperatives of sustainable development.Sustainable Development,25(3), pp.213-226. Kokhan, O., 2016. Importance of communication. Mello, M.H., Strandhagen, J.O. and Alfnes, E., 2015. The role of coordination in avoiding project delays in an engineer-to-order supply chain.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,26(3), pp.429-454. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.

Lory Ice Religions of the WorldJournal 3 DATE @ & Essays

Lory Ice Religions of the WorldJournal 3 DATE \@ MMMM d, y January 29, 2017 Native American history, unlike other past civilizations and cultures, had very little to no written documents. This made it difficult for historians to explain there past civilization and religions. The information that we do have today is based mostly on oral traditions, indigenous histories, and communication of stories from generation to generation. With this information the historians can conclude that there are common characteristics among the many different Native American religions, and tribes. Due to the wide range of Native American tribes all over the Americas. The Native's religions evolved to match the needs and lifestyles of the location of the individual tribes. Religious traditions of the Native people around the world tend to be heavily influenced by their methods of acquiring food, whether it be by hunting wild animals or by the agriculture. It is understood that Native A merican religions are polytheistic. Many tribes believe in the existence of a High God and multiple spirits. Most seem to believe that all nature is alive with spirits, and that each thing plants, and animals have a spirit. Earth Mother is at the heart of belief and is personified by thunder and lightning. Their High God, also referred to as the Supreme Being, would be called upon only in extreme instances seeing as he was considered separate from the concerns of earth. Matters of daily life where left for the nature spirits and sometimes ancestors. Native Americans have a great respect for nature and very seldomly ever abuse it. Hunting for example was a religious pursuit in which the hunter saw the animal as a fellow creature with a spirit. Before a hunt the hunter would pray to the spirit of the animal he was about to kill, and would only kill it if it was absolutely necessary. After the kill they would ask for forgiveness. They would use every part of the animal and leave nothi ng to waste.Religious practices and rituals were also made in order to pay respect to the spirits. Sacrifice was a way of pleasing the Gods. In the Aztec culture, human sacrifice played an important role in pleasing the Gods. For example people of the Great Plains held The Sun Dance. The Sun Dance would last several days, during which time the dancers would fast and pray for healing. Individuals would make personal sacrifices and sacrifices on behalf of their community. This was a way of acquiring the spiritual power necessary for human survival.Taboos also played a great part in the creation of religion. Taboos were avoided so that spirits would not be offended. An example, would be when women would menstruate. A menstruating woman was thought to be very powerful. During this time the woman is kept away from ordinary society. She was not allowed near men who where about to hunt, because it was thought that even a glance from the menstruating woman might destroy there ability to hun t.Another taboo that was widely observed was the avoidance of the dead. In some Australian cultures the dead are not referred to by their name directly as a mark of respect. This avoidance period may last as long as twelve months to several years, depending on how important the person was. The taboo had been enforced with extreme severity in some cultures. In the Native tribe Guajiro of Columbia, if you where to mention the dead before their family it was considered a dreadful offense, which was often punished by death. Native Americans would also conducted ceremonies and rituals to get in touch with the spiritual world. Songs, dancing, fasting and bathing where the most common way ceremonies where conducted. The natives would use dance as a means of contacting the spirits in preparation for special events. Dance was used to prepare the tribe for a hunt, war or agriculture. During these ceremonies the entire community would participate for long periods of time. With dance came song. The Native Americans would sing about the spirits of animals, while beating drums and sticks in a steady rhythm in a hypnotic way. The Natives would also preform ceremonies before and after a hunt to

Identity, Culture, and Organisation

Identity, Culture, and Organisation Introduction Organisations have recently encountered forces from some sources that encompass rivals, shareholders, and clients, which have caused them to adopt a â€Å"lean on mean† policy. For workers, this move has caused rationalisation and cutting back every expression demonstrating real or potential unemployment. Irrespective of the expression selected, this tendency has made many employees to reconsider concerns of dedication, faithfulness, and the identity of workers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Identity, Culture, and Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The usual mental treaty was typically relational with shared confidence supposedly at the core of the union between workers and employers (Gioia et al. 2010). In line with this comprehension, workers at National Health Service in the United Kingdom showed faithfulness and dedication whereas employers provided job security, future of the pro fession, as well as training and development. The sense of the new psychological treaty argument affirms that there exists a decrease in the dedication and fading away of identity with bosses. The notion of reduced identity has also been studied in academic literature, which discloses that identity in organisations is associated with motivation, confidence, dedication, and nationality (Zachary et al. 2011). Due to identity in organisations, there could be a great improvement in performance. In academic research, there are two different points of views, viz. the view of multiple identities and that of trade off. This paper discusses these two competing perspectives in the context of National Health Service and explores the function of identity dynamics at occupations, stating their significance, and elucidating them theoretically. Organisational identity At the level of an individual worker in the National Health Service, the termination of organisational mooring lines denotes the la ck of logic, belonging, and management, and thus the optional focal points for identity have turned out to be higher-flying. There are implications that workers presently focus on the externalities of organisations with adherences to the line of work or the internalities of organisations in the form of occupation or project teams. Therefore, apparently the concern of identity has recently turned out to be more intricate with dissimilar concentrations on identity (Clark et al. 2010). Research vividly offers varying concentrations on identity and loyalty with the occupation or career. Additionally, numerous academic advancements exist in the National Health Service though there is a lack of empirical activities specifically concerning the subject of nested identities. Two different points of view can be obtained from abiding academic research (Ravasi Phillips 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15 % OFF Learn More One of the viewpoints presents multiple identities and affirms that varying concentrations of identity do not require being in a contest, but are in agreement with one another. People might identify with their direct co-workers, identify with the standards of their bosses, and as well feel dedicated towards their occupation (Ashforth, Rogers Corley 2011). A good example that can demonstrate this assertion is the case of a physician who may closely identify with co-workers in the healthcare sector, identify with the standards and goals of the National Health Service (NHS), and have loyalty and links with the health profession. A different viewpoint proposes that trade offs associations exist amid various centres of identity (Grimes 2010). In this regard, when a person identifies with his or her medical co-workers it is at the cost of the career and organisation. In an attempt to revisit the medical correlation, if a physician identifies with his or h er medical professional co-workers, it complies with the fact that the state of identity with the NHS and medical career reduces. Role of identity dynamics at work Delineating and considering identity in National Health Service Identity in the National Health Service has become a significant theoretical lens to discuss the association involving a worker and boss and in addition, it has been identified as a cognitive association between the description of the organisation and the description of self. Essentially, powerful identities in organisations come up when people integrate the discernment of the standards of the employer into their own point of view (Schreyà ¶gg Sydow 2010). Therefore, personal and organisational standards are well suited. A progression like that comes up from two approaches. One of the approaches is the similarities with a boss where people choose to join organisations whose standards equal their own established convictions (Edwards Edwards 2012). The secon d approach is emulation where the individual convictions of a person vary in the course of employment to turn out to be strongly matched with those of their boss. The theoretical foundation of the work in the sector focuses on the theories of social identity and self-categorisation. Organisational identity assesses the progression of the way workers describe themselves via their association with the boss (Dutton, Roberts Bednar 2010). The practice of identification in the National Health Service fundamentally hails from social evaluations between employees and their characteristic groups. Therefore, identity is outlined by the awareness of employees that they belong to particular social groups in conjunction with a number of psychological and value importance to them of their group devotion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Identity, Culture, and Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Concisely, people descri be themselves by getting into social sets that carry significance to them; for instance, physicians could describe themselves as partaking in a health profession whose objective is to assist in taking care of individuals in the society (DeRue Ashford 2010). Additionally, physicians will participate in the health career, which is an impressive profession, and thus in this manner boost their confidence and self-identity. In a bid to elucidate the identity of a person, a second practice of social evaluations arises between groups. Individuals in a similar social group are viewed to be compatible (Balmer 2008). In this regard, dissimilarities with other individuals are augmented, thus resulting into the uniqueness and attractiveness of the groups of compatible individuals. The insinuation of the practice of social identity is that people describe themselves via group membership and assign to features of the group, and thus the more powerful the identity, the more the mind-sets and cond uct of a person are controlled by the standards of the group. Organisational identity is a precise demonstration of social individuality (Arendt Brettel 2010). Organisational identity has normally been associated with three interrelated aspects namely: Constructive organisational fit Emotional dedication Internalisation The difference between organisational identity and the outlined aspects is that organisational identity is self-definitional (Scott 2007). Therefore, employees possess organisational standards and convictions instead of merely embracing them. Research on identity Currently, the idea of organisational identity has focussed on two major themes. One of the themes is the roots of identity and the other is the connotations of organisational identity (Weber Dacin 2011). Research has revealed that particular aspects boost organisational identity in the National Health Service with the likelihood that the identity of employees with their boss is higher if: Members of a group are compatible with them Organisational standards are similar to personal standards Term increases The personal characteristics imply a higher inclination to identify with the organisation (Tlili 2008) There is little or no conflict involving group identities As aforementioned, many studies have examined the results of organisational identity. Research on organisational identity has also revealed that organisational recognition constructively relates to job satisfaction and motivation and it negatively relates to turnover objectives as well as real turnover (McLeish Oxoby 2011). Theoretical explanations The Rising Organisational Identity Programme As emphasised earlier, some variations to the employment affiliation have cropped up and brought about restored identification with career and workgroups (Powell 2007). A significant topic that has not been adequately studied is the character of the affiliation between career, group identity, and identity of the organisation (Roone y et al. 2010). Future research should aim at demonstrating whether identities are corresponding and matching or whether strong recognition with the career could occur at the cost of other kinds of identity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The argument of multiple identities In self-identity studies, it has been suggested that a person will be a member of numerous social groups with all of them partaking in the general sense of identity. Nevertheless, â€Å"these identities will not bear identical meaning or value and could be organised subconsciously in a nested structure; therefore, employees may embrace multiple identities† (Ahlgren Tett 2010, p.25). In the case of a National Health Service, multiple identities could arise from affiliations with the organisation, co-workers, career, or departments. In an excellent situation, standards and convictions of these unique societies will be corresponding and mutually buttressing (Edwards Peccei 2010). Therefore, an employee will identify with various kinds of identities like those with the group, career, and organisation. The argument of trade off The connection involving career and organisational identity Due to the lack of a strong relationship within Nationa l Health Service, workers have deliberately taken up optional basis of identity. The standard organisational term has decreased, but workers stay in the same occupation for elongated terms and thus identify with lasting social group, viz. their career (Christian 2011). In brief, a higher trade off involving career and organisational identity exists. With regard to the downsizing incident, career identity has become more powerful while organisational identity has become weakened. The inconsistencies of recognition for industrial scientists have been studied with professional principles being in disagreement with the ones embraced by their bosses (King, Felin Whetten 2010). This conflict of identities is anchored in the idea that employees are administered by two sources. One of these sources is the managerial standards and cultural principles of the organisation. The second source is the principles of occupational societies, as well as â€Å"collegial management†. This fixati on to a professional society is based on the perception that since â€Å"trained consultants are believed to have interiorised the principles of the career, professions support right to govern their own activity† (Alvesson 2012). Due to hiring trained workers in the National Health Service, workers anticipate a particular degree of independence and the organisation supposes that they will carry on with the occupation at hand. Therefore, the conflict turns out to be a query of reliability between the influences of position in an organisation against the influence of technology, knowledge, and ability. The aforementioned inconsistency presupposes that there will be a clash between organisational and occupational identity (Akerlof Kranton 2005). Nevertheless, the philosophers of organisational identity propose that the affiliation between career and organisational identity in the National Health Service has brought about unconstructive and constructive affiliations. The affili ation involving group and organisational identity Contending literatures disprove enhanced identification with career, but aim at renewed concentration on groupings in organisations. Few practical researches have evaluated these groups, and one of them is the practical research by Haslam in 2004. Haslam (2004) reveals that workers identify more powerfully with their groups as compared to identification with their bosses and in fact, the group is a more powerful forecaster of constructive employee approaches. Haslam’s affirmation hinges on the allegation that identity is more enhanced in smaller groups for they are more probable of structuring distinct societies with common principles due to maintained interaction (Smith 2011). Conclusion Organisational identity has turned out to be a significant topic in organisations, and specifically National Health Service, in the modern age due to the creation of unions and acquirements and the supremacy of organisations where it is prog ressively hard to understand organisational confines. The view of reduced identity has also been studied and unveils that identity in organisations is connected with motivation, confidence, dedication, and nationality. Due to identity in organisations, there could be a great advancement in the performance of National Health Service. In academic studies, two different points of view exist and they consist of the view of multiple identities and the view of trade off. This paper demonstrates that with the increase in organisational identity, there is a corresponding increase in the group and career identities. Similarly, when organisational identity is poor, group as well as career identity will as well be poor (Edwards 2009). Therefore, at the extremes seems to be enhanced occupation-associated identity or poor occupational associated identity. This outcome reveals the authority of characteristics mainly supported by the strong constructive association between the requirement for iden tity and command of organisational identity. Reference List Ahlgren, L Tett, L 2010, ‘Work-based learning, identity and organisational culture’, Studies in Continuing Education, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 17-27. Akerlof, G Kranton, R 2005, ‘Identity and the Economics of Organisations’, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 19 no. 1, pp. 9-32. Alvesson, M 2012, Understanding organisational culture, Sage, London. Arendt, S Brettel, M 2010, ‘Understanding the influence of corporate social responsibility on corporate identity, image, and firm performance’, Management Decision, vol. 48 no. 10, pp. 1469-1492. Ashforth, B, Rogers, K Corley, K 2011, ‘Identity in organisations: exploring cross-level dynamics’, Organisation science, vol. 22 no. 5, pp. 1144-1156. Balmer, J 2008, ‘Identity based views of the corporation Insights from corporate identity, organisational identity, social identity, visual identity, corporate brand identity and corporate image’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 42 no. 10, pp. 879-906. Christian, L 2011, ‘Discerning the unique in the universal: the notion of organisation identity’, European Business Review, vol. 23 no. 6, pp. 632-654, Clark, S, Gioia, D, Ketchen, D Thomas, J 2010, ‘Transitional identity as a facilitator of organisational identity change during a merger’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 55 no. 3, pp. 397-438. DeRue, D Ashford, S 2010, ‘Who will lead and who will follow? A social process of leadership identity construction in organisations’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 35 no. 4, pp. 627-647. Dutton, J, Roberts, L Bednar, J 2010, ‘Pathways for positive identity construction at work: Four types of positive identity and the building of social resources’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 35 no. 2, pp. 265-293. Edwards, M 2009, ‘HR, perceived organisational support and organisational identif ication: an analysis after organisational formation’, Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 19 no. 1, pp. 91-115. Edwards, M Edwards, T 2012, ‘Procedural justice and identification with the acquirer: the moderating effects of job continuity, organisational identity strength and organisational similarity’, Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 22 no. 2, pp. 109-128. Edwards, M Peccei, R 2010, ‘Perceived organisational support, organisational identification, and employee outcomes’, Journal of Personnel Psychology, vol. 9 no. 1, pp. 17-26. Gioia, D, Price, K, Hamilton, A Thomas, J 2010, ‘Forging an identity: An insider-outsider study of processes involved in the formation of organisational identity’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 55 no. 1, pp. 1-46. Grimes, M 2010, ‘Strategic sensemaking within funding relationships: The effects of performance measurement on organisational identity in the social sector’, Entrepr eneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 34 no. 4, pp. 763-783. Haslam, S 2004, Psychology in organisations, SAGE Publications Limited, London. King, B, Felin, T Whetten, D 2010, ‘Perspective- Finding the organisation in organisational theory: A meta-theory of the organisation as a social actor’, Organisation Science, vol. 21 no. 1, pp. 290-305. McLeish, K Oxoby, R 2011, ‘Social interactions and the salience of social identity’, Journal of Economic Psychology, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 172-178. Powell, S 2007, ‘Organisational marketing, identity and the creative brand’, Journal of Brand Management, vol. 15 no. 1, pp. 41-56. Ravasi, D Phillips, N 2011, ‘Strategies of alignment Organisational identity management and strategic change’, Strategic Organisation, vol. 9 no. 2, pp. 103-135. Rooney, D, Paulsen, N, Callan, V, Brabant, M, Gallois, C Jones, E 2010, ‘A new role for place identity in managing organisational change’, Managem ent Communication Quarterly, vol. 24 no. 1, pp. 44-73. Schreyà ¶gg, G Sydow, J 2010, ‘CROSSROADS- Organising for Fluidity? Dilemmas of New Organisational Forms’, Organisation Science, vol. 21 no. 6, pp. 1251-1262. Scott, C 2007, ‘Communication and social identity theory: Existing and potential connections in organisational identification research’, Communication Studies, vol. 58 no. 2, pp. 123-138. Smith, E 2011, ‘Identities as lenses: How organisational identity affects audiences evaluation of organisational performance’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 56 no. 1, pp. 61-94. Tlili, A 2008, ‘The organisational identity of science centres’, Culture Organisation, vol. 14 no. 4, pp. 309-323. Weber, K Dacin, M 2011, ‘The cultural construction of organisational life: Introduction to the special issue’, Organisation Science, vol. 22 no. 2, p. 287. Zachary, M, McKenny, A, Short, J, Davis, K Wu, D 2011, ‘Franc hise branding: an organisational identity perspective’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 39 no. 4, pp. 629-645.

Change from Qualitative to Quantitative Article

Change from Qualitative to Quantitative - Article Example Tanya L. Rogers (2010) carried out a qualitative study to further explore the aforementioned issue and elucidate the factors underlying success of students enrolled in an entry level nursing program, the findings of which have been described in the article named â€Å"Prescription for success in an associate degree nursing program (Rogers, 2010).† The current study was important as it addresses and underscores a very important issue and adds to the existing body of knowledge in this regard. However, this study has certain limitations which require further exploration, such as the degree of association between the identified factors for success and the academic performance of the students, as this would be a more objective indicator of whether there is any causal relationship or association between the identified factors underlying success and actual success, as reflected by academic performance and test scores. A quantitative study would go one step beyond the qualitative stud y by ascertaining the level of association and the degree of impact of each of the identified factors on the success in program completion and NCLEX-RN results and, thus will help in overcoming these shortcomings in the existing knowledge base. Research Purpose The qualitative study conducted by Rogers (2010) aimed at elucidating the factors underlying successful program completion and the NCLEX-RN results amongst students enrolled in an associate degree nursing (ADN) program. However, a qualitative approach would not enable researchers to objectively determine the level of association between each of the identified factors and successful program completion and the NCLEX-RN results. The best way to elucidate an association between different variables or the existence of a causal relationship and to prove or disprove a hypothesis is to conduct a quantitative study (Shuttleworth, 2008). Thus, in this case, a quantitative study is required which would enable determination of the relati onship between the factors identified for success and actual indicators of success, i.e. program completion and NCLEX-RN results. Informed Consent and Ethical Considerations The informed consent and ethical considerations would be the same as described by Rogers (2010). The study will be conducted after obtaining approval from Institutional review board (IRB) of the concerned institution. Written informed consent will be signed by each participant at the commencement of the study and complete confidentiality will be maintained throughout using pseudonyms for all participants to mask their true identities. Design The study design used by Rogers (2010) was a qualitative study design using interviews and document analysis. The current quantitative study would be a cross sectional study, i.e. observational quantitative study design (Hopkins, 2008).This design will enable the determination of an association between the identified factors for success such as experience, faculty involvemen t, study habits, etc and performance indicators including successful program completion and NCLEX-RN scores. Sample A sample comprising of 6 seniors and 3 faculty members was used by Rogers (2010) for the qualitative study. However, the quantitative study, being cross sectional in nature will use a much larger sample size. The sample size will be calculated using a 95% confidence level and 80%

What impact has the evolution of social media had on our society in Essay

What impact has the evolution of social media had on our society in regards to the products we buy and how we receive information - Essay Example These impacts are in regard to the products bought and how information is received.Consequently, it will discuss the influence that social media has on the decisions that people make. The elements of social media are digital objects. They vary in sizes and are of different types. Twitter post also known as tweets have a limitation of up to 40 characters, while email messages are only a few lines of a few paragraphs in length. The variation in sizes causes dramatic patterns of interaction.MediaWiki, gives support to six levels of headers and automatically generates a table of contents, easing the creation of large pages. Social media have developed around a significant kind of a digital object. These objects include You Tube videos, Flickr photos, bookmarks at delicious, books on Amazon, music or podcast at iTunes, TV shows at Hulu, and people at facebook.Tweet at twitter, messages at discussion forums or email lists, pages at Wikipedia, products at eBay, presentations at Slide Share, 3D objects in Second life, and career professionals at LinkedIn are also some of the digital objects (Hansen, Shneiderman and Smith 15). Social media provide avenues for people to take part in presenting their identity themselves (Al-deen and Hendricks 4).There is a great difference between online social interactions and one on one interaction in offline social networks. They offer avenues for expressing minimal restrictions. Those, that use online social networks, can give their views and ideas quite freely than in conversing one on one. The internet has improved buying and purchase power and reduced costs, reduced the barriers to enter markets, increased competition on a globally and reduced intermediation. The Internet has made every company regardless of its location easy to enter the competitive market. The internet has made it easy and less costly to advertise and for various firms to connect with their suppliers and customers (Muller 2).Users go to social media to

Ip4 diversity in the workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ip4 diversity in the workplace - Research Paper Example The civil rights of 1964 prohibits any form of discrimination on the basis of race, religion, colour and national origin and sex. The document is a judicial reference that fosters equality among all the citizens of the United States (Hasday, 2007). The Civil Rights Act, Title VII of 1964 legislation was aimed at promoting equality among the citizens of the United States of America thus allowing them to exercise their basic rights such as the right to vote and acquire education. The act was also designed with the aim of extending the commission of civil rights; prevent discrimination in all federal assist programs and to form a commission on equal employment opportunities (Hasday, 2007). This stipulates the rights of an American citizen to participate in any job application program regardless of the discrimination elements such as race, skin colour and originality. A religious accommodation is any necessary adjustment to the work environment that will allow an applicant of an employee to practice his or her religion. Chapter VII necessitates the job of federal agencies in reasonable accommodation of religious practices or beliefs practiced or performed by employees which may conflict with the working requirements, unless the accommodation would create undue hardship (Gregory, 2011). If it does not pose any undue hardship, the employer is obliged to abide by the federal rule and grant the employee the accommodation. Some of the undue hardships that might lead to the employer denying religious accommodation rights include: if the accommodation is costly, decreases workplace efficiency, compromises work place safety or if the practice conflicts with special requirements. Application process or tasks entailed in the working environment (Gregory, 2011). Religious accommodation may be inform of dressing, for instance, nuns and Muslim women are excep ted from job dressing requirement as they are bound by their religion

A Look At Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe English Literature Essay

A Look At Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe English Literature Essay Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719) is regarded as the most notable forerunner of the English Novel or to some extent the first English Novel. It was written at the beginning a century that witnessed great changes in the economic order. The cognoscenti have dealt with the character of Robinson Crusoe, bringing out several points of view. The motive of this piece of work is to study Crusoes philosophy about trade, religion and non-Europeans in its historical background. These three facets of Crusoes personality are inherently connected with each other and are thus fundamental to an appreciation of Crusoes mindset and character. His disposition towards dealings and religion is prompted by realistic considerations. He capitalizes on non-Europeans and is backed by spiritual beliefs in his discriminating treatment. The next consideration of the three main aspects of Crusoes nature will help us to grasp his character and inform us of the prevalent trends of the Eighteenth Century. Right from the beginning, Crusoe appears to be a star-crossed navigator and tradesman, however his ambitions are not impeded by shipwrecks and captivity. He is not the archetype of a man who could be impelled to abandon his Marxist principles by bad luck; contrariwise these misfortunes and his defencelessness tend to become a driving force. Robinson has the personality of a well-bred dealer whom setback or hardship does not break but whose perseverance and composure are magnified. Such mischance adds to his wisdom and predisposes him to future challenges. He never omits any scope for investment and commerce. In Brazil, besides exploring other opportunities for making money, he cautiously inspects the land, the plantations, and the regulation of the country. Crusoe undoubtedly inherited his methodical and businesslike way of living from his natal home in York. To put down roots as a planter in Brazil, it is needed to acquire property and obtain an allowable license. He makes profits on the situation and starts out to contemplate future prospects as a prosperous planter. Crusoe is the only one who survives from the hapless shipwreck. Although the craft is filled with water, he takes all the useful items to the island. He dwells on this remote island thanks to his remarkable shrewdness. His living the supervision of the resources on the isle and his discrimination in the dreariest details of everyday life are germane to his mercantile interests. Albeit he calls money a Drug and nasty, sorry, useless Stuff he does not get rid of it but rather encases it in a piece of canvas and preserves it for the future. Robinson Crusoes life as a dynamic trader arises out of his arrival in Lisbon after having spent more than twenty-eight years on the island. It is as though he were leading off a new life from scratch inquiring about the state of his plantation in Brazil and aiming at renewing his old trade contacts. He discovers that his plantation is still thriving and earns from its profits over five thousand pounds in sterling silver. Thenceforth, he disposes of his plantings and takes up residence in England. Crusoes feeling about nature is likewise practical. He exploits the island exclusively for his own subsistence and satisfaction and feels no aesthetic gladness form its magnificent scenery. He just fusses about the improvement of his land and has no leisure to notice that the island provides a beautiful landscape. Crusoes sole pleasure comes from examining his goods: I had everything so ready at my Hand and that is was a great Pleasure to me to see all my Goods in such order and especially to find my Stock of all Necessaries so great. He always pleaded for his freedom when he was on the Island of Despair. But after his deliverance, and on getting back home, he is not inclined to overlook the investment he has made in the island. Apart from his nostalgic association for him, the island is linked to his commercial motives. He writes: Besides this I shard the island into parts with em, reservd to myself the Property of the whole, but gave them such Parts respectively as they agred on; and having settld all Things with them, and engagd them not to leave the Place, I left them there. Crusoes penchant for mercantilism proves to be surprisingly realistic and precautionary; his thrifty investments have brought him a substantial coming back. He is an affluent tradesman and his adventures represent the virtues of individualism and absolute economic, social and intellectual freedom for the individual. Despite the recurrent religious cogitations in Defoes story, we are aware that it would be inaccurate to take the purpose of the novel or even its central theme as being pious in nature. Intuitively assessed, the book looks secular, more instantly and more steadily concerned with a mans earthly fulfillment than with his duty towards the Providence under the guidance of religion. After returning to England, Crusoes comparison of himself to the biblical character Job in chapter XXIX displays much about how he gives his martyrdom religious meaning: I might well say now indeed, that the latter End of Job was better than the Beginning. It is impossible to express here the Flutterings of my very Heart when I looked over these Letters and especially when I found all my Wealth about me; for as the Brazil Ships come all in Fleets, the same Ships which brought my Letters brought my Goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ . Like Job, whose religious devotion was gauged by God through the deprivation of family and wealth, Crusoe is dispossessed of his money while nonetheless pledging allegiance to the Deity. In a similar way, the protagonists pride in escaping the middle Station is a mark of Greek mythology in which the characters suffer from hubris and are therefore scourged by their sin. His fathers dictum sounds like a prophetic statement for Crusoes predicament: Boy might be happy if he would stay at Home, but if he goes abroad he will be the most miserable Wretch that was ever born. He unremittingly ponders over his connection with the Lord throughout the novel and how much God is penalizing him for his wicked Days. Halfway through the novel, Robinson, after a long rumination on whether religion allowed him to murder without warning or provoking the cannibals on the island, ends by observing that they might kill him. His observation is: Religion joyned in with this prudentialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦me. Religion has a way of concurring with the protection and comfort of Defoes fictional character. As we said previously, Crusoes maiden imprudence is going off to sea without his fathers consent, which is viewed by him and is considered to be so viewed by us, as deliberate insubordination to God, that these calamities are meant to lead him into remorse for his offence and into the pardon and kindness of God, and that his ultimate prosperity is a proof of Gods care for him. Despite the dramatic events, Crusoes temperament does not seem to alter, even if he is in a state of sin or of repentance. The necessity of repentance is a key element in the novel. The Preface indicates the moral and religious dimensions of the story, which states that Crusoes travelogue is published to instruct others in Gods wisdom and the importance of repenting ones sins: The Story is told with Modesty, with Seriousness, and with a religious application of Events to the Uses to which wise Men always apply them to the Instruction of others by this Example, and to justify and honour the Wisdom of Providence in all the Variety of our Circumstances, let them happen how they will. Crusoe needs compunction most when he is told from the fiery angelic figure that comes to him during a feverish hallucination and says: Seeing all these Things have not brought you to repentance, now you shall die. He believes that his major sin is his rebellious behaviour towards his father, which he compares to a biblical reference: I have been in all my Circumstances a Memento to those who are touched with the general Plague of Mankind, whence, for ought I know, one half of their Miseries flow; I mean, that of not being satisfyd with the Station wherein God and Nature has placd them; for not to look back upon my primitive Condition, and the excellent Advice of my Father, the Opposition to which was, as I may call it, my original Sin. It is akin to Adam and Eves defiance of God, which may suggest that Crusoes exile from civilization symbolizes Adam and Eves expulsion from Eden. According to Robinson, contrition consists of acknowledging his desolation and his complete reliance upon the Lord. A main part of the plot of the novel relies on the fact that Crusoe is shipwrecked on the island as Gods way of bringing him to repentance and redemption. On several occasions in the novel, Defoe achieved a kind of grandeur of vision; in which the might and majesty of God are praised: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I had now brought my state of lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦next to miraculous. Here the Puritan sense of the grace of God for an unworthy sinner is well-expressed. It is unlikely that a hypocrite would pen these lines. If the intensity of religious belief appears less in Defoe and the concern with substantial success greater than in the works of his puritan predecessors, that intensity of feeling is yet anything but missing. This may seem the mark of a hypocritical religious belief, despising the wealthy yet labouring to achieve them, but to the Puritan, there is nothing contradictory in this. The most unpleasant leitmotiv in Defoes novel is the way Crusoe behaves towards non-Europeans. The fact that his attitude is very repulsive arouses our interest, for it assures us to understand the foundations of British Imperialism that were being laid at when the novel was written. There is no possibility but that the opinions expressed by Crusoe are those of the author as well. We know enough of Defoes own political career as an agent of the Prime Minister who made the treaty endowing Great Britain with its slaving rights, Sir Robert Harely, to be certain he was in concord with British policy. Moreover it is obvious that Defoe is manifesting his casual sense of superiority to non-Europeans, as shown by his readers sympathy, even to the point of making native humour one of the interests of the novel. We shall consider four aspects of Robinson Crusoe before trying to come to some conclusion: the jocular use of language to characterize non-Europeans; the prejudice practiced by Crusoe; Crusoes belief that other peoples should work for him; and his reflections on nationality. The first part of the demonstration seems innocuous, but it is not. The problem lies in the fact that both Xury and Friday speak very bad English indeed. Concerning Xury, the thing that may surprise us is that he speaks English, because we are told that Crusoe had no fellow-Europeans to communicate with while he was at Sallee. We should expect that he and his fellow slaves would speak Turkish or Arabic or Berber, some language that is used in the Maghreb. Nevertheless Xury speaks bad English in conversing with Crusoe. As for Friday, he could not utter a word in English before meeting Crusoe. Yet, his English is no better than Xurys, even after some three or four years of continual conversation in English. Despite this, other foreigners, from Europe like the Portuguese sea-captain, speak completely good English. Now the vernacular is one mark, a most meaningful sign, of the equivalence between human beings. That Defoe presents Xury and Friday thus, making funny use of their defective English, has the insidious effect of making us perceive them as somehow inferior to Crusoe and to Englishmen in general. The second thing to clarify is another token of Crusoes discrimination. In the episode where Crusoe, after having decided not to interfere in the cannibalistic customs of the Indians on the island, changes his mind on the spur of the moment and does interfere, the reason of his intervention is that one of the victims is a European. This could be abstractly justified, on the basis of Crusoes concept of nationalities. Still, this would be too insubstantial to account for the strength of Crusoes reaction. Fridays pronouncement that one of the victims is a European fired all the very Soul within him. He was filled with Horror at the very Naming of the white bearded man, whom he saw vividly was a European, and had clothes on. Such a fact clearly unfolds Crusoes real sympathy for Europeans, whatever he might say in calmer moments. The coming idea we have referred to is not easy to elaborate. We can pay attention to the fact that Crusoe is never disposed to acknowledge a relation on equal terms with non-Europeans. He purposely strives for appearing to them awe-inspiring and assumes, as a matter of course, that they should be willing to offer up their lives for his privilege. Lastly, the fourth aspect to expound is that Crusoes concept of nationalities, though not racist, seems to be prejudiced against the bulk of native peoples who are seen as evil and deserving of Gods punishment. It is true that he leaves it to God to punish them, but the expression of the theory is meant to limit our empathy for them. In the following paragraph Crusoe goes on to observe: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we did not know by what Light and Law these should be condemned; but that as God was necessarily, and by the Nature of His Being, infinitely holy and just, so it could not be, but that if these Creatures were all sentenced to Absence from himself; it was on Account of sinning against the Lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.

Influential Characters in The Trial and The Stranger :: essays research papers

Influential Characters 'The Trial' and 'The Stranger': How one character can influence the life of another character. The Trial and The Stranger were both critically acclaimed since their published debut, though the books have their many differences they both deal with imprisoned lives going against society. In both novels K and Meursault had characters that influenced them in a negative and positive way, although none these characters had as much influence as the religious figure (the priests) did in both novels. However the priests in each novel influenced the protagonists differently. In The Stranger the chaplain is sent to Meursault before he is faced with his death sentence to have him repent for his sins and change his religious beliefs, in other words, covert him to Christianity. However Meursault stands strong and tells him that he has nothing to repent, for he has not sinned. He does not belief in God and he believes that he is already receiving his punishment, there is no afterlife or higher judgment in Meursaults? beliefs. The chaplain is able to change Meursault?s mind, when he mentions ?how even the hardest of criminals stare at something at one pointing their lives and imagine a divine face in it? (Stranger, p.121). Although Meursault does not see a divine face he sees the face of Marie. This marks the turning point of Meursault?s life, for he starts to care for life something he has never done before. He is now aggravated to know that is going to die and cannot accept that which explains his rage with the priest. Camus? creates characters such as Meursault and the chaplain to contrast each other. Meursault represents an outsider and shows how life is, society does not accept those who do not act as expected even if it means that they would have to bend the truth or hurt others in the process. The idea that Meursault does not care of his death sentence, as he shows little or no emotion of his mother?s death or of Marie proposing matrimony to him was of course is completely against the rules and ethics of society. Consequently he creates the chaplain to show Meursault how society expects him to behave, implementing the chaplain in the novel demonstrates how society acts upon those who do not meet the expected behaviors by society, it tries to change or covert them to the norms of society.